The undersea environment has become a critical arena for irregular competition, as state and non-state actors increasingly engage in covert activities that exploit gaps in maritime domain awareness. From intelligence collection and seabed infrastructure interference to clandestine unmanned systems deployment, adversaries often operate below the threshold of armed conflict, complicating detection, attribution, and response.

The West is losing because the information revolution creates a “fragmented, networked enemy,” and adversaries use the asymmetric advantages of the information environment (IE) to build networks that work to create fissures in democratic societies and weaken democratic states’ political will and institutions, which can later advantage adversaries in conventional confrontations.

The main battle space in the conflict between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the United States is not land, sea, air, space, or even cyberspace. It is the American economy. In this Second Cold War, the principal U.S. combatants do not fire weapons, sail ships, or fly aircraft; they run businesses. Although commonly referred to as the “Second...

Cognitive Warfare can be functionally defined as “the activities conducted in synchronization with other instruments of power, to affect attitudes and behaviors by influencing, protecting, and/or disrupting individual and group cognitions to gain an advantage.”  From the point of view of technique, we can say that “Cognitive Warfare is therefore the art of deceiving the brain or making it doubt...

As the global landscape shifts into an era of Great Power Competition, characterized by unconventional threats and complex geopolitical dynamics, the need for a reimagined Office of Strategic Services (OSS) framework has never been more pressing. The revival of an OSS 2.0 would empower the Department of Defense (DoD) with enhanced Human Intelligence (HUMINT) capabilities that are critical for navigating...